2025年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）

     Located in the southern Peloponnesian peninsula , Pavlopetri (the modern name of the site) emerged as a Neolithic settlement around 3500 B.C . and became an important trading center for Mycenaean Greece (1650-1180B .C). This area of the Aegean Sea is _1_ to earthquakes and tsunamis , which caused the city to _2_ sink.The slow sea levelrise in the Mediterranean _3_ the city more than 3000 years ago.

    For millennia the city's _4_ lay unseen below some 13 feet of water They were covered by a thick layer of sand _5_ the island of Laconia In recent decades shifting _6_ and ,climate change have eroded a natural barrierthat _7_ Pavlopetri In 1967 ascientific survey of the Peloponnesian coast was _8_ data to analyze change in sea levels _9_ British oceanographer Nicholas Flemming first spotted the sunken _10_ A year later he returned with a few students to _11_ the location and map the site The team identified some 15 buildings courtyards anetwork of streets and twochamber tombs _12_ the exciting .initial finds the site would lie _13_ fordecades before archaeologists would return.

    In 2009 archaeologists Chrysanthi Gallou and Jon Henderson _14_ the excavation of Pavlopetri in cooperation with the Greek Ministry of Culture Since the 1960s underwater archaeplogy _15_ and tools had made huge advances The team _16_ robotics sonar mapping,and state-of-the-art graphics to survey the site From 2009 to 2013 theywere able to,bring the underwater town to _17_ Covering about two and a half acres Pavlopetri three main roads _18_ some 50 rectangular buildings all of which had open courtyards Excavations revealed a large number of Minoan-style loom weights _19_ Pavlopetri was a thriving trade center with a _20_ textile industry.

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       The grammar school boy from has landed a scholarly punch after groundbreaking research showed that Shakespeare does benefit children's literacy and emotional development. But only if you act him out.

     A study found that a “ rehearsal room ” approach to teaching Shakespeare broadened children's vocabulary and the complexity of their writing as well as their emotional literacy.“The research shows that the way actors work makes a big difference to the way children use language and also how they think about themselves,” Jacqui O'Hanlon of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which commissioned the study, said.

     The randomised control trial involved hundreds of year 5 pupils-aged nine and ten-at 45 state primary schools that had not been“previously exposed to RSC pedagogy”. They were split into target and control groups nd asked to write, for example, a message in a bottle as Ferdinand after the shipwreck in The Tempest. The target group was given a 30-minute drama-based activity to accompany the passage.

    The peer-reviewed results showed that the target group of pupils drew on a wider vocabulary, used words “classed as more sophisticated or rarer”, and wrote at greater length. They also “appear to be more comfortable writing in role…while [control] pupils imagine how they themselves would react to being shipwrecked, [target] children put themselves in the shoes of a literary character and express that character's emotion”.

    The Time to Act study also found that while control pupils relied on “desert island clichés” such as palm trees, target pupils were “more expansive [giving] a broader picture of the sky, the sea and the atmospheric conditions”.

    O'Hanlon said she had been most surprised by the “emotional literacy that was evident in the [target] children's writing” and that they were “more resilient in their writing, more hopeful”. She added: “The emotional understanding was very evident and it is probably related to the [rehearsal room process] where you are used to trying to imagine your way through. They were comfortable in describing different emotional states and part of what you do in drama is put yourself in different shoes.” The study showed the importance of embedding arts in education, she said.

    But could the results be replicated with any old dramatist? O'Hanlon said more research would be needed but suggested that Shakespeare's use of 20,000 words,compared with the everyday 2,000 words, gave a “massive expansion of language into children's lives”, which was combined with children “using their whole bodies to bring words to life”.

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    I was shocked to learn recently that some scientists want to scale back their research in an effort to decrease carbon emissions. The crisisishere, they said,and we need to cut back onour energy-intensive modelling.At the very least,we need to make our energy use far more sustainable.

    It is unarguable that our laboratories,scientific instruments,rockets and satellites- the tools we scientists need to measure the planet's pulsedemand significant amounts of energy both in their construction and operation. And it is equally true that science's unrelenting appetite for information has caused a mushrooming of energy-intensive data centres around the world. According to the International Energy Agency, these buildings now consume about 1 per cent of the world's electricity.

    However,this is a price we must pay for understanding the world.How can we inform decision makers about the best ways to bring downcarbon emissions if we can't track the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, where it's coming from and who's producing it? The carbon emissionsfrom technological research are well spent:ultimately this research will safeguard the future of our planet.

    It can be hard for scientists to make the case because our workis complex,often takes placebehind closed doors and does not always lend itself to easy interpretation or explanation. But demonstrating the efficacy of science will be crucial if we are to solve humanity's greatest challenges. It isall too easy to feel paralysed in the face ofdaunting problems such as climate change and to do nothing.But then I think ofa friend's daughter who turned her fears into action: she became a wind energy engineer and now thrives on delivering renewableenergy,limiting emissions.

    Recognising the hope that science and engineering can bring was the impetus behind the creation of the Millennium Technology Prize,which isnow entering its2Oth year as a celebration of human ingenuity. One of thepast winners,Professor Martin Green from the University of New South Wales, Australia,is the inventor of the Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell technology which is now found in most of the world's solar panels.Thanks to his invention,we have a real chance to decrease the world's carbon emissions.

    Every day,scientists, technologists and engineersare discovering new ways to exploit renewable energy sources and develop techniques not just to use power more intelligently but to power our intelligence.A great example of this is Europe's largest supercomputer,LUMI in Finland,which isastonishingly carbon-negative.Established in an old paper mill,it ispowered bya nearby river and its remote heat warms the people who live in the surrounding town of Kajaani.

    If the world is to meet its net-zero ambitions,we must think hard about how we can deliver sustainable computing and deliver more LUMIs.

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    Ever since taking onNetflix Inc.at itsown game,old Hollywood has struggled to turn a profit in streaming，with the likes of Disney+，Peacock and Paramount+ losing billions of dollars each year， sparking concerns that the services will never be as profitable as cable once was.But the age of streaming has been a boon for some unintended winners: pirates that use software to rip a film or television show in seconds from legitimate online video platforms and host the titleson their own，illegitimate services,which rake in about $2 billion annually from adsand subscriptions.

    With no video production costs,illegal streaming sites have achieved profit margins approaching 90% ，according tothe Motion Picture Association (MPA)，a trade group representing Hollywood studiosthat’sworking to crack down on the thousands ofillegal platforms that have cropped up in recent years.

    Initially the rise of legitimate online businesses such as Netflix actually helped curb digital piracy，which had largely been based on file uploads.But nowpiracy involving illegal streaming servicesas well as file-sharing coststhe USeconomy about $3o billion in lost revenue a year and some 250,000 jobs，estimates the US Chamber of Commerce’s Global Innovation Policy Center. The global impact isabout $71 billion annually.

    “The people who are stealing our movies and our television showsand operating piracy sitesare not mom and pop operations,”says Charlie Rivkin, chief executive officer of the MPA.“This isorganized crime.”Rivkin joined the MPA in 2O17 after the organization failed five years earlier to build consensus between Hollywood and Silicon Valley to win passage of legislation in Congress aimed atstopping online piracy. In 2017,the association formed the Alliance for Creativity and Entertainment (ACE)，an enforcement task force of about 1oo detectives circling the globe to help local authoritiesarrest streaming pirates.

    ACE says it’s helped shrink the number of illegal streaming servicesin North America to 126,from more than 1,400 in 2018,aided in part by the MPA’s support for a 202O federal law that made large-scale streaming of copyrighted material a serious crime.

    Consulting firm Parks Associates predicts that legitimate US streaming services cumulative loss from piracy since 2022 will reach $113 billion in the next two years.“While there issome optimism that emerging countermeasures and best practices may see piracy begin to plateau by 2027，there is no consensusamong stakeholdersas to when it may begin to decline,” says analyst Steve Hawley.

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    Visit any antiquesstore and you’ll encounter artifacts from the past: photographs，lettrs，a brochure detailing the Sinclair dinosaur exhibit from the 1964-65 World’s Fair, the ephemera of history. Yet these objects aren’t truly ephemeral,because they’re still here，decades,even centuries later.Why? Because they’retangible.

    Have you pondered the life cycle of intangible formats,digital information， given thatthose who produce these artifacts seldom make provision for their long-term preservation? Formillennia,we’ve known what we’ve known due toartifacts that have survived,often despite their original creators’ neglect.The thing itself is the medium that delivers the information. At the time of creation,no attempts were made at intentional preservation, yet analog materials have a chance of surviving and serving asthe historical record that biographers，historians，and novelistsrely on.Librariesand archives have traditionally shouldered the responsibility of organization，preservation，and access to information.Librarians digitize the tangible so that researchers the world over can quickly search and access their holdings.The result isan embarrassment of historical riches,which brings its own needle-and-haystack problems.

    Librarians’selfless devotion can act againstuswhen userspoint to universality of access by holding upa cell phone and saying,“it’s all in here”as evidence that librariesare less vital for researchers today.Yet how was that universality of access made possible and,perhapsmore importantly, how is it maintained? Who curates what ispreserved? When it comes to born-digital information, the terrifying answer can be:if not librariansand archivists,then no one.Digital information requires a great deal more care thar analog.

    Even when a digital object ispreserved,it may only be the carrier that’s saved,not the information itself.As technology advancesand a format becomes obsolete，the object is useless.Have you ever stared helplesslyat a ZIP disk,thinking: how do I get the files off this？ Without constant migration of digital assets,a nightmare about the foreseeable future iswhat keeps historians up at night: a historical record that abruptly stops when digital replaces analog

    As a librarian whose day job revolves around special collectionsand digital assets,I share the night terrors of historians,and I’d be lying ifI saida comprehensive preservation solution currently exists. Yet researchers can take some comfort in the fact that there are a multitude of librarians devoted to discovering，organizing，and preserving digital information for researchers current and future. While future researchers may find the digital realma challenging place to ply their trade,they won’t find it an impossible one.

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41–45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A – H and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A, C and H have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

 

[A] Peters likes to photograph butterflies in a landscape,celebrating the beauty of their surroundings as wellasthe insects themselves.Hispicturesof a Glanville fritillary rising from the sea-pinks beside the chalk cliffsof Compton Bay on the Isle of Wight are particularly glorious.These take-off shots are even more challenging because they require a wide-angle lens,which means he must be less than 2cm from the butterfly.It’s incredibly difficult to get that close to a skittsh，sun-warmed insect.Unlike some photographers, who “cheat”by keeping insects in a fridge to slow them down，Peters refuses to tamper with wild butterflies.

 

[B] Peters’ signature shot isa butterfly “take-off’,，showing the multiple wing-beats of one butterflyin one frame as it lifts offfrom a flower. How does he capture it? Technology helps.A typical digital SLR camera shoots 20 frames a second.He uses a high-speed OM System which shoots 120 frames a second.

 

[C] Britain has relatively few butterflyspecies compared with mainland Europe and 80% are in decline,mostly because intensive chemical farming has reduced many species to tiny fragments of habitat and small nature reserves. Global heating is benefiting some species but others are too isolated to find suitable new habitat,and gardening habits- paving over gardens and using pesticides- aren’t helping either.Butterflies may not pollinate as many plantsaswild beesand hoverflies,but because British butterflies are the best-studied group of insects in the world,they are an extremely useful indicator of the wider declines in flying insects.

 

[D] Five years ago,at summer’s end,Andrew Fusek Peters was diagnosed with bowel cancer. “I waswaiting forsurgery， feeling really ill, sitting in my garden. It was amazing weather and there were painted ladybutterflieseverywhere”,hesays. “They wereasymbol of fragile life, of hope and defiance，and something appealed to my soul.”

 

[E] That makesit sound easy,and artificial,but Peters insists it isstill amassive challenge.He typically takes between 10,ooo and 20,o0o shots to get one butterfly take-off sequence in focus. At such high shutter speeds, the depth of field is tiny,and asbutterflies do not fly in a straight line theyswiftly flutter out of focus.As well as thousands ofattempts，it takes patience and fieldcraft to anticipate a butterfly’s likely flight-line — and catch it— in focus.

 

[F] So what’s the appeal of a long,sweaty day in pursuit of an elusive，fast-moving wild animal? “Itjust feels bloody brilliant,”says Peters. “If I’ve had a full day of good encounters with butterflies,met interesting butterfly people and I’ve got some good shots,that becomesa vault in my spiritual bank. It’sa happy feeling.”

 

[G] A children’s author and poet who had become a keen amateur photographer,Peters watched the butterfliesand idly wondered if he could capture them in flight.It swiftly became an obsession as he recovered from asuccessful operation to remove the cancer. In recent summers,he has travelled the length and breadth of Britain to photograph all 58 native species ofbutterfly. Now the fruits of those summers have been published ina beautiful new book.

 

[H] A butterfly takes offso quickly it is still impossible to react quickly enough to capture that take-off but if he half-presses the shutter, the camera saves the 7O previous frames before the moment he actually takes the picture. “It’s time travel,so I don’t miss the moment of take-off” he says.

After he’s captured the butterfly taking off,he layers1O to 15 frames together in Photoshop.

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)   

    Innovation and research have relied on public participation in science for centuries. It was a musician who discovered the planet  Uranus in the 18th century by making his own telescope with mirrors composed of copper and tin.(46) Recent decades have seen science move into a convention where engagement in the subject can only be done through institutions such as a university.Citizen science provides an opportunity for greater public engagement and the democratisation of science.

    In the information era, large data sets, small teams and financial restrictions have slowed scientific process. (47) But by utilising the natural curiosity of the general public it is possible to overcome many of these challenges by engaging non-scientists directly in the research process. Anyone can be a citizen scientist, regardless of age, nationality or academic experience.You don't even need any formal training,just an inquisitive mind and the enthusiasm to join one of the thousands of citizen science projects to generate new knowledge and the means to understand a genuine scientific outcome.

    (48) Scientists have employed a variety of ways to engage the general public in their research, such as making data analysis into an online game or sample collection into a smartphone application.They've implored citizen scientists to help with bug counting and categorising cancer cells,and even identifying distant galaxies.

    This form of accessible science means that great minds are able to join the race to create and develop projects with the potential to change the world. A citizen science-based approach can extend the field of vision and include more ideas and different brains to problem-solve and create, making innovation faster and more effective.

    The rise of citizen science has grown alongside the rise of do-it-yourself biology laboratories around the world. (49) These groups of people are part of a rapidly expanding biotechnological social movement of citizen scientists and professional scientists seeking to take discovery out of institutions and put it into the hands of anyone with the enthusiasm.

    There are around 40 official do-it-yourself biology centres across the globe in locations including Paris, London, Sydney, and Tel Aviv. (50) They pool resources, collaborate, think outside the box, and find solutions and ways around obstacles to explore science for the sake of science without the traditional boundaries of working inside a formal setting.So is it time to take the Petri dish out of the laboratory and into the garage?